One of the techniques that is increasingly used in geotechnical practice in order to improve the properties of soil is chemical stabilization. It is based on modifying the properties by adding a chemical reagent, which will react with the minerals in the soil. The efficiency of the method will largely depend on numerous factors, primarily on the type of soil, type and amount of chemical reagent, as well as on the achieved chemical reactions between stabilizer (chemical material) and soil minerals (pozzolanic materials). In practice, lime, cement and fly ash are most often used as chemical stabilizers, which ultimately contribute to increasing soil strength, reducing water permeability and reducing the potential of swelling. The paper deals with the general principles of chemical soil treatment, whereby a special attention is paid to the application of lime as a chemical stabilizer, which has been shown to be particularly effective in the case of clayey soil. Lastly, the advantages and limitations of this soil stabilization technique are considered, as well as possible directions for its improvement.